نوع مقاله : مروری
نویسندگان
1 استادیار پژوهش، مؤسسه تحقیقات برنج کشور، معاونت مازندران، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، آمل، ایران.
2 استاد، گروه تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران.
3 استاد، آزمایشگاه اکولوژی عملکردی، مدرسه عالی ملی زراعت تولوز، انستیتو ناسیونال پلی‌تکنیک، تولوز، فرانسه.
چکیده
دانه‌های روغنی بی‌شک از راهبردی‌ترین محصولات کشاورزی هستند که تولید آن‌ها جزو نیازهای زیربنایی برای ایجاد امنیت غذایی هر جامعه محسوب می‌شود. آفتابگردان با نام علمی Helianthus annuus L. گیاهی یکساله، یک‌پایه، دولپه از تیره‌ی مرکبان (Composite) می‌باشد. این جنس دارای گونه‌های دیپلوئید، تتراپلوئید و هگزاپلوئید است که آفتابگردان زراعی جزو گونه‌های دیپلوئید با تعداد کروموزم پایه 17=x می‌باشد. آفتابگردان به‌طورعمده به‌خاطر روغن خوراکی آن کشت می‌شود. تنش‌های محیطی از قبیل خشکی، شوری، دمای غیرمعمول، مسمومیت با فلزات سنگین و تابش فرابنفش از تهدیدات جدی برای رشد، سوخت و ساز و بهره‌وری گیاهان می‌باشند. در سال‌های اخیر، پیشرفت‌های شگفت‌آور در زمینه‌های زیست‌فناوری، مهندسی ژنتیک و علوم کامپیوتر باعث شده است تا برنامه‌های به‌نژادی از سرعت، دقت و کارایی بسیار بالاتری نسبت به گذشته برخوردار باشند. تکنیک‌های جدید در صورتی که به‌طور مناسب در برنامه‌های به‌نژادی وارد شوند باعث افزایش چشم‌گیر سرعت و دقت این برنامه‌ها شده و می‌توانند هزینه‌ها را به‌میزان فوق‌العاده‌ای کاهش دهند. در این مقاله به‌طور مختصر ضمن اشاره به روش‌های به‌نژادی متداول، به روش‌های نوین و کاربرد آن‌ها در اصلاح آفتابگردان پرداخته می‌شود. در 10 سال اخیر علم ژنومیک اطلاعات ژنتیکی صفات کمّی را توسعه داده و گزینش به کمک نشانگر تبدیل به یک ابزار کاربردی شده است.
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
Conventional and molecular breeding of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)
نویسندگان [English]
- Alireza Nabipour 1
- Reza Darvishzadeh 2
- Ahmad Sarrafi 3
1 Assistant Professor, Rice Research Institute of Iran, Mazandaran Branch, Agriculture Research, Education and Extension Organization, Amol, Iran.
2 Professor, Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
3 Professor, Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle, EcoLab, Dynabio, INP-ENSAT, 18 Chemin de Borde Rouge, BP 32607, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France.
چکیده [English]
Oilseeds are undoubtedly one of the most strategic agricultural products; their production is of basic needs for food security in any society. Sunflower with the scientific name of Helianthus annuus L. is an annual, monoecy, dicotyledonous plant that belongs to composite family. This genus consists diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid species, and common sunflower is a diploid species with a base chromosome number of x=17. Sunflower is grown mainly for its edible oil. Environmental stresses such as drought, salinity, unusual temperatures, heavy metal and UV radiation are serious threats to plant growth, metabolism and productivity. In recent years, astonishing advances in biotechnology, genetic engineering, and computer science have made breeding programs much faster, more accurate, and more efficient than ever before. New techniques, if properly incorporated into breeding programs, can dramatically increase the speed and accuracy of these programs and can reduce costs by an extraordinary amount. In this article, while briefly referring to conventional breeding methods, new methods and their application in sunflower breeding are discussed. In the last 10 years, the science of genomic has expanded the genetic information of quantitative traits, and marker assisted selection has become a practical tool.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
- Disease resistance
- drought tolerance
- map based cloning
- QTL mapping
- transgenic plants
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