Application of Molecular Markers for Sex Determination and Genetic Diversity Analysis of Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) Based on ISSR and RAPD Molecular Markers

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Production Engineering and Plant Genetic Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran.

2 Production Engineering and Plant Genetic Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran

3 horticulture science department, Faculty of Agriculture, Jahrom University, Jahrom, Iran.

10.30473/cb.2025.73765.2004

Abstract

Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis Link Schneider), often referred to as the "miracle plant," is a dioecious, cross-pollinated, evergreen, and diploid (2n = 52) perennial shrub. Renowned for its significant economic value, jojoba is widely utilized in the pharmaceutical, health, and even in military industries. Moreover, jojoba remarkable resistance to both biotic and abiotic stresses enhances its environmental adaptations. Determining the sex of jojoba plants at the seedling stage (1–3 years old) is crucial for optimizing the male-to-female plant ratio for establishment and for commercial cultivation. This optimization facilitates increased productivity and yield per unit area, ensuring efficient garden establishment and management. This study assessed the genetic diversity of 17 jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) trees, derived from the Arizona cultivar, consisting of 9 female and 8 male genotypes. These genotypes were selected based on prior research conducted at the only jojoba germplasm garden in Iran, located in Fars Province. The study employed RAPD and ISSR molecular markers to determine the sex of the jojoba genotypes and to evaluate their genetic diversity. The primary objective was to validate four specific sex determination markers: two ISSR markers (UBC-807 and CAPS) and two RAPD markers (F1 and F10). The results of this study revealed that although the molecular markers used were unable to definitively distinguish male and female jojoba genotype by amplify sex specific band, significant genetic diversity was observed between the sexes. Among the markers, the F1 primer exhibited the highest polymorphism (82.5%), while the CAPS primer showed the lowest polymorphism (78.77%). Furthermore, the F10 primer demonstrated the highest, and the CAPS primer the lowest, values for the number of effective alleles, Shannon diversity index, band index, and expected heterozygosity, making F10 the most effective and CAPS the least effective marker for assessing genetic diversity between male and female genotypes. The genetic diversity dendrogram, constructed using the Jaccard similarity coefficient, effectively differentiated male and female genotypes. Although the markers used in this study were unable to replicate the sex-specific bands reported in previous studies, the F1 primer demonstrated strong potential for distinguishing male and female genotypes based on genetic diversity. Additionally, ISSR markers were found to be more efficient than RAPD markers in evaluating genetic diversity both within and between genotypes. These findings provide a valuable framework for sex differentiation in other agriculturally, horticulturally, and medicinally important species, potentially reducing the costs associated with maintaining and establishing relevant orchards.

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References

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