فسفیت، بیوتکنولوژی و کشاورزی نوین (مقاله علمی-مروری)

نوع مقاله : مروری

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی مقطع دکتری تخصصی، پژوهشگاه ملی مهندسی ژنتیک و زیست‌فناوری، شهرک علم و فناوری پژوهش، بلوار پژوهش، تهران، ایران.

2 استادیار، گروه پژوهشی مهندسی ژنتیک و ایمنی زیستی، پژوهشگاه بیوتکنولوژی کشاورزی ایران، سازمان تحقیقات آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران.

3 استاد، پژوهشگاه ملی مهندسی ژنتیک و زیست‌فناوری، ، شهرک علم و فناوری پژوهش، بلوار پژوهش، تهران، ایران.

چکیده

فسفیت شکل احیا شده‌ای از فسفات است، که در آن یک اتم اکسیژن با هیدروژن جایگزین شده و این جایگزینی، بر عملکرد آن در موجودات زنده تأثیر قابل توجهی دارد. فسفیت به راحتی از طریق ناقل‌های فسفات به سلول‌های گیاهی وارد می‌شود. با این‌حال، گیاهان توانایی استفاده از فسفیت را به‌عنوان منبع فسفر ندارند و این ویژگی باعث ایجاد محدودیت در استفاده از این ماده به‌عنوان کود شده است؛ و لیکن فسفیت به‌عنوان قارچکش و محرک زیستی در کشاورزی کاربرد داشته است. برخی باکتری‌ها قابلیت اکسیداسیون فسفیت به فسفات، جهت انجام عملکردهای مختلف سلولی را دارا هستند. در دهه گذشته، سازوکار مولکولی این اکسیداسیون روشن شده است که توسط آنزیم فسفیت اکسیدوردوکتاز یا فسفیت دهیدروژناز انجام می‌شود. فسفیت در مقادیر بسیار زیاد در صنایع شیمیایی گوناگون به‌عنوان یک محصول جانبی یا پسماند تولید میشود که بازیافت نمی‌شود. شناسایی آنزیم فسفیت دهیدروژناز که قادر به اکسیداسیون فسفیت به فسفات است مسیری جدید برای استفاده از این پسماندها گشوده است. به‌تازگی نیز گزارش‌هایی مبنی بر تولید گیاهان تراریخته بیان‌کننده ژن ptxD (Phosphite-NAD+ oxidoreductase) منتشر شده است. در عمل، ژن ptxD می‌تواند خود به‌عنوان یک ژن انتخابگر برای انتخاب گیاهان تراریخته به‌کار رود. با تولید این گیاهان تراریخته فسفیت قابلیت استفاده به‌عنوان علف‌کش و حتی کود فسفره را خواهد داشت.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Phosphite, Biotechnology, Modern agriculture

نویسندگان [English]

  • Zahra Fathi 1
  • Katayoun Zamani 2
  • Mohammad Malboobi 3
1 Ph.D. Student, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Shahrak-e Pajoohesh, Tehran, I.R. Iran.
2 Assistant Professor, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biosafety, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran.
3 Professor, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Shahrak-e Pajoohesh, Tehran, I.R. Iran.
چکیده [English]

Phosphite is a reduced form of phosphate, wherein an oxygen replaces a hydrogen atom, and this substitution has a significant effect on its performance in living organisms. Phosphite is readily transfered into plant cells through phosphate transporters. However, plants do not have the ability to use phosphite as a phosphorus resourc such that this property has limited the use of phosphite as fertilizer; however, phosphite has been used as a fungicide and biostimulant in agriculture. Some bacteria are able to oxidize phosphite into phosphate to cover for various cellular functions. In the last decade, the molecular mechanism of this biological oxidation has been elucidated to occure by the enzyme phosphite oxidoreductase or phosphite dehydrogenase. Phosphite is produced in large quantities in various chemical industries as a by-product or waste that is not recycled. The identification of the enzyme phosphite dehydrogenase, that catalyses the oxidation of phosphite to phosphate, has opened a new path for the recycle of this waste. Recently, there have been reports for the production of transgenic plants expressing ptxD gene. In practice, ptxD gene can be used as a marker in the selection of transgenic plants. By producing these transgenic plants, phosphite can be used as a herbicide and even as a phosphorus fertilizer.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Phosphite
  • PtxD
  • selectable marker
  • fungicide
  • biostimulant
Abbasi PA, Lazarovits G (2005) Effects of AG3 phosphonate formulations on incidence and severity of Pythium damping-off of cucumber seedlings under growth room, microplot, and field conditions. Can J Plant Pathol 27: 420-429.
Achary VMM, Ram B, Manna M, Datta D, Bhatt A, Reddy MK (2017) Phosphite: a novel P-fertilizer for weed management and pathogen control. Plant Biotechnol J. 15: 1493-1408.
Acimovic SG, Zeng Q, Mcghee GC, Sundin GW, Wise JC (2015) Control of fire blight (Erwinia amylovora) on apple trees with trunk-injected plant resistance inducers and antibiotics and assessment of induction of pathogenesis-related protein genes. Front. Plant Sci 6: 1-10.
Adams F, Conrad JP (1953) Transition of phosphite to phosphate in soils. Soil. Sci. 75: 361-371.
Alexandersson E, Mulugeta T, Lankinen A, Liljeroth E, Andreasson E (2016) Plant resistance inducers against pathogens in Solanaceae species-from molecular mechanisms to field application. Int J Mol Sci 17: 1673.
Amiri A, Bompeix G (2011) Control of Penicillium expansum with potassium phosphite and heat treatment. Crop Prot 30: 222-227.
Barchietto T, Saindrenan P, Bompeix G (1989) Characterization of phosphonate uptake in two Phytophthora spp. and its inhibition by phosphate. Arch. Microbiol 151: 54-58.
Barchietto T, Saindrenan P, Bompeix G (1992) Physiological responses of Phytophthora citrophthora to a sub-inhibitory concentration of phosphonate. Pestic. Biochem. Physiol 42: 151-166.
Berkowitz O, Jost R, Kollehn DO, Fenske R, Finnegan PM, O’Brien PA et al (2013) Acclimation responses of Arabidopsis thaliana to sustained phosphite treatments. J Exp Bot 64: 1731-1743.
Casida LE (1960) Microbial oxidation and utilization of orthophosphite during growth, J Bacteriol. 80: 237-241.
Chase AR (1993) Efficiency of fosetyl-Al for control of some bacterial diseases on ornamentals. Plant Dis. 77:771-776
Costas AM, White AK, Metcalf WW (2001) Purification and characterization of a novel Phosphorus-oxidising enzyme from Pseudomonas stutzeri WM88. J Biol Chem 276: 17429-17436.
D’Arcy-Lameta A, Bompeix G (1991) Systemic transport of tritiated phosphonate in tomato plantlets (Lycopersicon esculentum mill). Pest Manag Sci. 32: 7-14.
Dalio RJD, Fleischmann F, Humez M, Osswald W (2014) Phosphite protects Fagus sylvatica seedlings towards Phytophthora plurivora via local toxicity, priming and facilitation of pathogen recognition. PLoS One. 9(1):1-10
Danova-Alt R, Dijkema C, De Waard P, Kock M (2008) Transport and compartmentation of phosphite in higher plant cells: kinetic and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance studies. Plant Cell Environ. 31: 1510-1521.
Deliopoulos T, Kettlewell PS, Hare MC (2010) Fungal disease suppression by inorganic salts: a review. Crop Prot. 29:1059-1075.
Dias-Arieira CR, Santana-Gomes SM, Puerari HH, Fontana LF, Ribeiro LM, Mattei D (2013) Induced resistance in the nematodes control. Afr J Agric Res. 8:2312-2318.
Dillon A, Varanasi VK, Danilova TV, Koo DH, Nakka S, Peterson DE, Tranel PJ, Friebe B, Gill BS, Jugulam M (2017) Physical mapping of amplified copies of the 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase gene in glyphosate-resistant Amaranthus tuberculatus. Plant physiology 1:173(2):1226-34.
Estrada-Ortiz E, Trejo-Téllez LI, Gómez-Merino FC, Núñez-Escobar R, Sandoval-Villa M (2013) The effects of phosphite on strawberry yield and fruit quality. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr. 13:612-620.
Estrada-Ortiz E, Trejo-Téllez LI, Gómez-Merino FC, Nunez-Escobar R, Sandoval-Villa M (2012) Phosphite on growth and fruit quality in strawberry. Acta Hortic. 947:277-282.
Estrada-Ortiz E, Trejo-Téllez LI, Gómez-Merino FC, Núñez-Escobar R, Sandoval-Villa M (2011) Biochemical responses in strawberry plants supplying phosphorus in the form of phosphite. Rev Chapingo Ser Hort. 17:129-138
Förster H, Adaskaveg JE, Kim DH, Stanghellini ME (1998) Effect of phosphite on tomato and pepper plants and on susceptibility of pepper to Phytophthora root and crown rot in hydroponic culture. Plant Dis 82:1165-1170.
Glinicki R, Sas-Paszt L, Jadczuk-Tobjasz E (2010) The effect of plantstimulant/ fertilizer resistim on growth and development of strawberry plants. J. Fruit Ornam. Plant Res. 18:111-124.
Gómez-Merino FC, Trejo-Téllez LI (2016) Conventional and novel uses of phosphite in horticulture: potentialities and challenges. Italus Hortus. 23:1-13.
Gómez-Merino FC, Trejo-Téllez LI, Alarcón A (2015) Plant and microbe genomics and beyond: potential for developing a novel molecular plant nutrition approach. Acta Physiol Plant. 37:208.
Griffith JM, Akins LA, Grant BR (1989) Properties of the phosphate and phosphite transport systems of Phytophthora palmivora. Arch. Microbiol. 152:430-436.
Guest D, Grant BR (1991) The complex action of phosphonates as antifungal agents. Biol. Rev. 66:159-187.
Heap I (2018) The International Survey of Herbicide Resistant Weeds. http://weedscience.org/               Accessed 28 February 2018.
Herrera-Estrella L, Lopez-Arredondo D (2016) Phosphorus: the underrated element for feeding the world. Trends Plant Sci. 21:461-463.
Hirota R, Motomura K, Kuroda A (2019) Biological phosphite oxidation and its application to phosphorus recycling. In: Phosphorus Recovery and Recycling (eds). Springer, Singapore, pp 499-513.
Hofgaard IS, Ergon A, Henriksen B, Tronsmo AM (2010) The effect of potential resistance inducers on development of Microdochium majus and Fusarium culmorum in winter wheat. Eur J Plant Pathol. 128:269-281.
Jost R, Pharmawati M, Lapis-Gaza HR, Rossig C, Berkowitz O, Lambers H, Finnegan PM (2015) Differentiating phosphate-dependent and phosphate-independent systemicm phosphate-starvation response networks in Arabidopsis thaliana through the application of phosphite. J Exp Bot 66(9):2501-14.
Kanda K, Ishida T, Hirota R, Ono S, Motomura K, Ikeda T, Kitamura K, Kuroda A (2014) Application of a phosphite dehydrogenase gene as a novel dominant selection marker for yeasts, J. Biotechnol. 182(183): 68-73.
Kobayashi K, Masuda T, Takamiya K, Ohta H (2006) Membrane lipid alteration during phosphate starvation is regulated by phosphate signaling and auxin/cytokinin cross-talk. Plant. J. 47(2):238-48.
Kuroda A, Hirota R (2015) Environmental biotechnology for effcient utilization of industrial phosphite waste. Global Environ Res. 19(1):77-82.
Leymonie JP (2007) Phosphites and Phosphates: When Distributors and Growers Alike could get Confused. https://www.spectrumanalytic.com/support/library/pdf/. Accessed September 2007. pp 36-41.
Lobato MC, Machinandiarena MF, Tambascio C, Dosio GAA, Caldiz DO, Daleo GR et al (2011) Effect of foliar applications of phosphite on post-harvest potato tubers. Eur J Plant Pathol. 130:155-163.
Lobato MC, Olivieri FP, Daleo GR, Andreu AB (2010) Antimicrobial activity of phosphites against different potato pathogens. J Plant Dis Prot. 117:102-109
Loera-Quezada MM, Leyva-González MA, López-Arredondo D, Herrera-Estrella L (2015) Phosphite cannot be used as a phosphorus source but is non-toxic for microalgae. Plant Sci. 231:124-130.
Loera-Quezada MM, Leyva-González MA, López-Arredondo D, Herrera-Estrella L (2015) Phosphite cannot be used as a phosphorus source but is non-toxic for microalgae. Plant Sci. 231:124-30.
López-Arredondo DL, Herrera-Estrella L (2012) Engineering phosphorus metabolism in plants to produce a dual fertilization and weed control system. Nat Biotechnol. 30:889-893.
Lopez-Arredondo DL, Leyva-Gonzalez MA, Gonzalez-Morales SI, Lopez-Bucio J, Herrera-Estrella L (2014) Phosphate nutrition: improving lowphosphate tolerance in crops. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 65:95-123.
Lovatt CJ (1998) Managing yield with foliar fertilization. Calif Citrograph. 84:8-13.
Lovatt CJ (1999) Timing citrus and avocado foliar nutrient applications to increase fruit set and size. HortTechnology. 9:607-612.
Lovatt CJ (2013) Properly timing foliar-applied fertilizers increases efficacy: a review and update on timing foliar nutrient applications to citrus and avocado. HortTechnology.23:536-541.
Machinandiarena MF, Lobato MC, Feldman ML, Daleo GR, Andreu AB (2012) Potassium phosphite primes defense responses in potato against Phytophthora infestans. J Plant Physiol. 169:1417-1424.
Manna M, Achary VMM, Islam T, Agrawa PK, Reddy MK (2016) The development of a phosphite mediated fertilization and weed control system for rice. Sci Rep. 6:24941
Massoud K, Barchietto T, Le Rudulier T, Pallandre L, Didierlaurent L, Garmier M et al (2012) Dissecting phosphite-induced priming in Arabidopsis infected with Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis. Plant Physiol. 159:286-298.
Mattson MP (2008) Hormesis defined. Ageing Res Rev 7:1-7.
McDonald, A.E., Grant, B.R. and Plaxton, W.C. (2001a) Phosphite (phosphorous acid): its relevance in the environment and agriculture, and influence on the plant phosphate starvation response. J. Plant Nutr. 24:1505-1519.
McDonald, A.E., Niere, J.O. and Plaxton, W.C. (2001b) Phosphite disrupts the acclimation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to phosphate starvation. Can. J. Microbiol. 47:969-978.
Metcalf WW, van der Donk WA (2009) Biosynthesis of phosphonic and phosphinic acid natural products. Annu Rev Biochem. 78:65-94.
Metcalf WW, Wolfe RS (1998) Molecular genetic analysis of phosphite and hypophosphite oxidation by Pseudomonas stutzeri WM88. J. Bacteriol. 180:5547-5558.
Mogollon JM, Beusen AHW, van Grinsven HJM, Westhoek H, Bouwman AF (2018) Future agricultural phosphorus demand according to the shared socioeconomic pathways. Glob Environ Chang. 50:149-163.
Moor U, Põldma P, Tõnutare T, Karp K, Starast M, Vool E (2009) Effect of phosphite fertilization on growth, yield and fruit composition of strawberries. Sci Hortic. 119:264-269.
Nahampun HN, Lopez-Arredondo D, Xu X, Herrera-Estrella L, Wang, K  (2016) Assessment of ptxD gene as an alternative selectable marker for Agrobacterium-mediated maize transformation. Plant Cell Rep. 35:1121-1132.
Nartvaranant P, Hamill S, Leonardi J, Whiley AW, Subhadrabandhu S (2004) Seasonal effects of foliar application of phosphonate on phosphonate translocation: in vitro pollen viability and pollen germination in ‘Hass’ avocado (Persea americana mill.). J Hortic Sci Biotech. 79:91-96
Niere JO, DeAngelis G, Grant BR (1994) The effect of phosphonate on the acid-soluble phosphorus components in the genus Phytophthora. Microbiology. 140:1661-1670.
Olivieri FP, Feldman ML, Machinandiarena MF, Lobato MC, Caldiz DO, Dalio GR, Andreu AB (2012) Phosphite applications induce molecular modifications in potato tuber periderm and cortex that enhance resistance to pathogens. Crop Prot. 32:1-6.
Ouimette DG, Coffey MD (1990) Symplastic entry and phloem translocation of phosphonate. Pestic Biochem Physiol. 38:18-25.
Oyarburo NS, Machinandiarena MF, Feldman ML, Daleo GR, Andreu AB, Olivieri FP (2015) Potassium phosphite increases tolerance to UV-B in potato. Plant Physiol Biochem. 88:1-8.
Pandey BK, Mehra P, Verma L, Bhadouria J, Giri J (2017) OsHAD1, a haloacid dehalogenase-like APase enhances phosphate accumulation. Plant Physiol. 174(4):2316-2332.
Percival GC, Banks JM (2014) Evaluation of plant defence activators for the potential control of Pseudomonas syringae pv. aesculi. Arboric. J. 36(2):76-88.
Pharmawati M, Jost R, Lapis-Gaza MHR, Rossig C, Berkowitz O, Lambers H, Finnegan PM (2015) Differentiating phosphate-dependent and phosphate-independent systemic phosphate-starvation response networks in Arabidopsis thaliana through the application of phosphite, J. Exp. Bot. 66(9): 2501-14
Pilbeam RA, Colquhoun IJ, Shearer BL, Hardy GESJ (2000) Phosphite concentration: its effect on phytotoxicity symptoms and colonisation by Phytophthora cinnamomi in three understorey species of Eucalyptus marginata forest. Australas Plant Pathol. 29:86-95.
Plaxton WC, Tran HT (2011) Metabolic adaptations of phosphate-starved plants. Plant Physiol. 156:1006-1015.
Plaxton WC (1998) Metabolic aspects of phosphate starvation in plants. In Phosphorus in Plant Biology: Regulatory Roles in Molecular, Cellular, Organismic, and Ecosystem Processes (Lynch JP, Deikman J, eds). pp 229-241.
Pratt J, Boisson AM, Gout E, Bligny R, Douce R, Aubert S (2009) Phosphate (Pi) starvation effect on the cytosolic Pi concentration and Pi exchanges across the tonoplast in plant cells. An in vivo 31P-NMR study using methyl-phosphonate as a Pi analogue. Plant Physiol. 151:1646-1657.
Puerari HH, Dias-Arieira CR, Cardoso MR, Hernandes I, Brito ODC (2015) Resistance inducers in the control of root lesion nematodes in resistant and susceptible cultivars of maize. Phytoparasitica. 43:383-389.
Rickard DA (2000) Review of phosphorus acid and its salts as fertilizer materials. J Plant Nutr. 23:161-180.
Sandoval-Vargas JM, Jiménez-Clemente LA, Macedo-Osorio KS, Oliver-Salvador MC, Fernández-Linares LC, Durán-Figueroa NV, Badillo-Corona JA (2019) Use of the ptxD gene as a portable selectable marker for chloroplast transformation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Mol. Biotechnol. 61(6): 461-468.
Shearer BL, Fairman RG (2007) A stem injection of phosphite protects Banksia species and Eucalyptus marginata from Phytophthora cinnamomi for at least four years. Australasian Plant Pathol. 36:78–86
Shen C, Yue R, Yang Y, Zhang L, Sun T, Tie S, Wang H (2014) OsARF16 is involved in cytokinin-mediated inhibition of phosphate transport and phosphate signaling in rice (Oryza sativa L.). PLoS ONE. 9(11): e112906.
Shen J, Yuan L, Zhang J, Li H, Bai Z, Chen X, Zhang W, Zhang F. (2011) Phosphorus dynamics: from soil to plant. Plant Physiol. 156(3): 997-1005.
Silva OC, Santos HAA, Dalla Pria M, May-De Mio LL (2011) Potassium phosphite for control of downy mildew of soybean. Crop Prot. 30:598-604.
Simonetti E, Viso NP, Montecchia M, Zilli C, Balestrasse K, Carmona M (2015) Evaluation of native bacteria and manganese phosphite for alternative control of charcoal root rot of soybean. Microbiol Res. 180:40-48.
Smillie RH, Grant BR, Guest D (1989) The mode of action of phosphite. Evidence for both direct and indirect modes of action on three Phytophthora spp. in plants. Phytopathology. 79(9): 921-926.
Speiser B, Berner A, Haseli A, Tamm L (2000) Control of downy mildew of grapevine with potassium phosphonate: effectivity and phosphonate residues in wine. Biol. Agric Hortic. 17:305-312.
Sun T, Li M, Shao Y, Yu L, Ma F (2017) Comprehensive genomic identification and expression analysis of the phosphate transporter (PHT) gene family in apple. Front Plant Sci. 8:426.
Tambascio C, Covacevich F, Lobato MC, de Lasa C, Caldiz D, Dosio G et al (2014) The application of K phosphites to seed tubers enhanced emergence, early growth and mycorrhizal colonization in potato (Solanum tuberosum). Am J Plant Sci. 5:132-137.
Ticconi CA, Delatorre CA, Abel S (2001) Attenuation of phosphate starvation responses by phosphite in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 127:963- 972.
Trejo-Téllez L, Gómez-Merino F (2018) Phosphite as an inductor of adaptive responses to stress and stimulator of better plant performance. Biotic and Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants. 203-238. Springer Nature, Singapore.
Ullrich-Eberius CI, Novacky A, Fischer E, Luttge U (1981) Relationship between energy-dependent phosphate uptake and the electrical membrane potential in Lemna gibba G1. Plant Physiol. 67: 797-801.
Vance CP, Uhde-Stone C, Allan DL (2003) Phosphorus acquisition and use: Critical adaptations by plants for securing a nonrenewable resource. New Phytologist. 157: 423-447.
Varadarajan DK, Karthikeyan AS, Matilda PD, Raghothama KG (2002) Phosphite, an analog of phosphate, suppresses the coordinated expression of genes under phosphate starvation. Plant Physiol. 129: 1232-1240.
Wang DLS, Jiang P, Li Y (2017) Roles, regulation, and agricultural application of plant phosphate transporters. Front Plant Sci. 8:817.