با همکاری مشترک دانشگاه پیام نور و انجمن بیوتکنولوژی جمهوری اسلامی ایران

نوع مقاله : مروری

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی مقطع دکتری تخصصی، پژوهشگاه ملی مهندسی ژنتیک و زیست‌فناوری، شهرک علم و فناوری پژوهش، بلوار پژوهش، تهران، ایران.

2 استادیار، گروه پژوهشی مهندسی ژنتیک و ایمنی زیستی، پژوهشگاه بیوتکنولوژی کشاورزی ایران، سازمان تحقیقات آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران.

3 استاد، پژوهشگاه ملی مهندسی ژنتیک و زیست‌فناوری، ، شهرک علم و فناوری پژوهش، بلوار پژوهش، تهران، ایران.

چکیده

فسفیت شکل احیا شده‌ای از فسفات است، که در آن یک اتم اکسیژن با هیدروژن جایگزین شده و این جایگزینی، بر عملکرد آن در موجودات زنده تأثیر قابل توجهی دارد. فسفیت به راحتی از طریق ناقل‌های فسفات به سلول‌های گیاهی وارد می‌شود. با این‌حال، گیاهان توانایی استفاده از فسفیت را به‌عنوان منبع فسفر ندارند و این ویژگی باعث ایجاد محدودیت در استفاده از این ماده به‌عنوان کود شده است؛ و لیکن فسفیت به‌عنوان قارچکش و محرک زیستی در کشاورزی کاربرد داشته است. برخی باکتری‌ها قابلیت اکسیداسیون فسفیت به فسفات، جهت انجام عملکردهای مختلف سلولی را دارا هستند. در دهه گذشته، سازوکار مولکولی این اکسیداسیون روشن شده است که توسط آنزیم فسفیت اکسیدوردوکتاز یا فسفیت دهیدروژناز انجام می‌شود. فسفیت در مقادیر بسیار زیاد در صنایع شیمیایی گوناگون به‌عنوان یک محصول جانبی یا پسماند تولید میشود که بازیافت نمی‌شود. شناسایی آنزیم فسفیت دهیدروژناز که قادر به اکسیداسیون فسفیت به فسفات است مسیری جدید برای استفاده از این پسماندها گشوده است. به‌تازگی نیز گزارش‌هایی مبنی بر تولید گیاهان تراریخته بیان‌کننده ژن ptxD (Phosphite-NAD+ oxidoreductase) منتشر شده است. در عمل، ژن ptxD می‌تواند خود به‌عنوان یک ژن انتخابگر برای انتخاب گیاهان تراریخته به‌کار رود. با تولید این گیاهان تراریخته فسفیت قابلیت استفاده به‌عنوان علف‌کش و حتی کود فسفره را خواهد داشت.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Phosphite, Biotechnology, Modern agriculture

نویسندگان [English]

  • Zahra Fathi 1
  • Katayoun Zamani 2
  • Mohammad Malboobi 3

1 Ph.D. Student, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Shahrak-e Pajoohesh, Tehran, I.R. Iran.

2 Assistant Professor, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biosafety, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran.

3 Professor, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Shahrak-e Pajoohesh, Tehran, I.R. Iran.

چکیده [English]

Phosphite is a reduced form of phosphate, wherein an oxygen replaces a hydrogen atom, and this substitution has a significant effect on its performance in living organisms. Phosphite is readily transfered into plant cells through phosphate transporters. However, plants do not have the ability to use phosphite as a phosphorus resourc such that this property has limited the use of phosphite as fertilizer; however, phosphite has been used as a fungicide and biostimulant in agriculture. Some bacteria are able to oxidize phosphite into phosphate to cover for various cellular functions. In the last decade, the molecular mechanism of this biological oxidation has been elucidated to occure by the enzyme phosphite oxidoreductase or phosphite dehydrogenase. Phosphite is produced in large quantities in various chemical industries as a by-product or waste that is not recycled. The identification of the enzyme phosphite dehydrogenase, that catalyses the oxidation of phosphite to phosphate, has opened a new path for the recycle of this waste. Recently, there have been reports for the production of transgenic plants expressing ptxD gene. In practice, ptxD gene can be used as a marker in the selection of transgenic plants. By producing these transgenic plants, phosphite can be used as a herbicide and even as a phosphorus fertilizer.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Phosphite
  • PtxD
  • selectable marker
  • fungicide
  • biostimulant
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