مروری بر گونه‌های فعال اکسیژن (‏ROS‏): تولید، کارکرد و تأثیر آن‌ها در گیاهان

نوع مقاله : مروری

نویسندگان

1 بخش تحقیقات زراعی و باغی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان کرمانشاه، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرمانشاه

2 دانشجوی دکتری، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شیراز، فارس، ایران

3 بخش تحقیقات زراعی و باغی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان کرمانشاه، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرمانشاه،

چکیده

گونه‌های فعال اکسیژن (ROS) تولیدشده در اندامک‌هایی مانند میتوکندری، کلروپلاست و پراکسی‌زوم نقش مهمی در مسیرهای انتقال پیام در گیاهان دارند و واکنش‌های اکسایش-کاهش، رشد و نمو و همچنین پاسخ‌های دفاعی گیاه در برابر تغیرات محیطی را تنظیم می‌کنند. بنابراین، ROSها بر هر جنبه و مرحله‌ای از گیاه تأثیرگذار هستند. ROSها مانند پراکسید هیدروژن، رادیکال‌های سوپراکسید و هیدروکسیل و اکسیژن منفرد، در سلول‌های گیاهی به‌عنوان پیام‌رسان‌های ثانویه جهت تنظیم طیف متنوعی از عملکردهای پروتئینی (با تغیرات پساترجمه) و تنظیم بیان ژن عمل می‌کنند. ROSها به صورت طبیعی در جریان پاسخ گیاه به شرایط محیطی و ارتباطات داخل و بین سلولی تولید می‌گردند. با این حال تحقیقات اخیر نشان داده است که این ترکیبات نقش مهمی در پاسخ گیاهان به شرایط تنش بر عهده دارند. تنش‌های زیستی مانند: قارچ‌ها، ویروس‌ها، کنه‌ها، حشرات و سایر جانداران، به همراه تنش‌های محیطی غیرزیستی مانند: خشکی، شوری و فلزات سنگین موجب افزایش تولید ROS در گیاهان می‌شود. گیاهان مکانیسم‌های متنوعی جهت مقابله با تأثیرات منفی افزایش تولید ROSها دارند. حذف ROS در گیاهان به طور معمول توسط دو گروه اصلی از مولکول‌های آنتی‌اکسیدان آنزیمی و
غیر-آنزیمی صورت می‌پذیرد. مولکول‌های آنتی‌اکسیدان با خنثی کردن ROS و تبدیل آن‌ به آب، به‌عنوان محصول نهایی، نقش مهمی در تحمل گیاه به تنش‌ها را ایفا می‌کنند. با این حال در شرایط تنش شدید، گیاهان قادر به حذف همه‌ی مولکول‌های تولید شده مازاد نیستند و درنتیجه مقدار بالای ROS موجب ایجاد تنش اکسیدی و آسیب به ترکیبات اصلی سلول مانند پروتئین‌ها، لیپیدها، DNA، کربوهیدرات‌ها و درنهایت مرگ سلول می‌شود. هنوز به بسیاری از سوالات در مورد واکنش گیاهان به تنش اکسیدی و تنظیم ارتباطات سلولی در زمان تنش پاسخ داده نشده است. این مقاله‌ی مروری به بررسی محل و نحوه‌ی تولید ROSها، انواع و تأثیرات آن‌ها بر سیستم پیام‌رسانی سلولها و ایجاد پاسخ‌های سازگاری گیاهان در شرایط تنش می پردازد. همچنین، نحوه کارکرد آنتی‌اکسیدان‌های مؤثر در حفظ هموستازی سلول و کارایی آنها در حذف یا خنثی‌سازی اثر رادیکال‌های آزاد اکسیژن مورد بررسی قرار میگیرد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

A review on reactive oxygen species (ROS): production, function, and their influence on plants

نویسندگان [English]

  • Armin Saed-Moucheshi 1
  • Fatemeh Sohrabi 2
  • Ali Shirkhani 3
1 Crop and Horticulture Reseach Department, Kermanshah Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center (AREEO), Kermanshah, Iran.
2 Ph.D. Student in Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture University of Shiraz, Iran
3 Crop and Horticulture Reseach Department, Kermanshah Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center (AREEO), Kermanshah, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced in organelles such as mitochondria, chloroplast, and peroxisome play an important role in plant signaling and signal transduction pathways. ROSs basically are able to regulate oxidation-reduction (known as redux) reactions, plant growth and defense responses to environmental stimuli. Therefore, they affect every aspect at all life cycle stages of plants. ROSs such as hydrogen peroxide, superoxide, hydroxyl radicals, and singlet oxygen act as secondary messengers in plant cells to regulate a diverse range of protein functions (with post-translational modifications) and gene expression. They are produced naturally during the plant responses to environmental conditions and intra-/inter-cellular communications. Recent researches are indicating that ROS compounds play a key role in the plants response under both biotic and abiotic stresses. Biotic stresses such as fungi, viruses, mites, insects and other organisms, along with abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity and heavy metals, increase the production of ROS in plant cells. Plants possess various mechanisms to deal with the destructive effects of ROS increased production. ROS removal in plants is usually performed by two main groups of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant molecules. Antioxidant molecules play important roles in plant tolerance under stressful conditions by neutralizing ROS and converting them into water molecules. However, under severe stress conditions, plants are not able to eliminate the entire content of extra produced ROS molecules; as a result, the high amount of ROS causes oxidative stress in plants leading to various damages to the main components of the cells, such as proteins, lipids, DNA, carbohydrates, and ultimately cell death. There are still many unanswered questions regarding the plant specific responses to oxidative stress and regulation of cell communication during stress conditions. This review article tries to introduce the origin, location, and pathways of ROS production along with their types and effects on the cellular signal transduction system in stimulating adaptive responses of plants under stress conditions. Moreover, this review discusses the effectiveness of antioxidants systems in maintaining cell homeostasis and neutralizing the negative impacts of oxygen free radicals in plants.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • reactive oxygen species
  • oxidative stress
  • plant messenger
  • oxidation-reduction
  • antioxidant
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